The 97% Scientific Consensus on Climate Change - Topic Citations

Every citation has two independent 0-100 scores. The source Reliability score rates the general reliability of the outlet itself, regardless of the specific claim, based on an eight-tier scale running from primary government and international scientific bodies (CDC, WHO, NASA, IPCC) at the top, through peer-reviewed journals, wire services, mainstream science journalism, and advocacy organizations, down to tertiary references like Wikipedia and unverifiable or absent sources at the bottom. The Accuracy score, by contrast, rates how well a specific citation supports topic statements — a citation from an excellent source can score low if misapplied or can score high if it precisely backs up topic statements.

IPCC Assessment

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policymakers (AR6 Working Group I)
  Reliability score: 98 | Accuracy score: 97
  
  
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Bas
  Reliability score: 98 | Accuracy score: 97
  
  

Settled Science and Uncertainty

• Royal Society and US National Academy of Sciences
  Climate Change: Evidence and Causes - Update 2020
  Reliability score: 96 | Accuracy score: 95
  
  
• Royal Society and US National Academy of Sciences
  Climate Change: Evidence and Causes - Update
  Reliability score: 96 | Accuracy score: 95
  
  

Original 97% Consensus Study

• Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)
  Cook, J. et al. (2013) Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature
  Reliability score: 96 | Accuracy score: 97
  
  
• Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)
  Cook, J. et al. (2013) Quantifying the consen
  Reliability score: 96 | Accuracy score: 97
  
  

Independent Confirmation of the Consensus

• Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)
  Cook, J., Oreskes, N., Doran, P.T. et al. (2016) Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-cau
  Reliability score: 95 | Accuracy score: 96
  
  
• Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)
  Cook, J., Oreskes, N., Doran, P.T. et al. (20
  Reliability score: 95 | Accuracy score: 96
  
  

Updated Consensus Estimate

• Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)
  Lynas, M., Houlton, B.Z. and Perry, S. (2021) Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-revi
  Reliability score: 95 | Accuracy score: 90
  
  
• Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)
  Lynas, M., Houlton, B.Z. and Perry, S. (2021)
  Reliability score: 95 | Accuracy score: 90
  
  
• Cornell University (Cornell Chronicle / CALS News)
  More than 99.9% of studies agree: Humans caused climate change (Oct 19, 2021)
  Reliability score: 82 | Accuracy score: 88
  
  
• Cornell University (Cornell Chronicle / CALS News)
  More than 99.9% of studies agree: Humans caus
  Reliability score: 82 | Accuracy score: 88
  
  

Scientific Consensus

• Lynas, M., Houlton, B. Z., & Perry, S. (2021)
  Greater than 99% Consensus on Human Caused Climate Change in the Peer-Reviewed Scientific Literature (Environmental Rese
  Reliability score: 65 | Accuracy score: 75
  
  
• Lynas, M., Houlton, B. Z., & Perry, S. (2021)
  Greater than 99% Consensus on Human Caused Cl
  Reliability score: 65 | Accuracy score: 75
  
  
• NASA Science
  Scientific Consensus: Earth's Climate Is Warming
  Reliability score: 88 | Accuracy score: 92
  
  
• NASA Science
  Scientific Consensus: Earth's Climate Is Warm
  Reliability score: 88 | Accuracy score: 92
  
  

Misinformation and Manufactured Doubt

• Global Challenges (Wiley)
  van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S. and Maibach, E. (2017) Inoculating the Public against Misinformation
  Reliability score: 92 | Accuracy score: 88
  
  
• Global Challenges (Wiley)
  van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosentha
  Reliability score: 92 | Accuracy score: 88