Glossary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Open Science | Practices that make research methods, data, code and publications freely accessible so others can scrutinize and reproduce them. Science General |
| Outlier | A data point in a set of data that is much bigger or much smaller than the rest of the set. Science General |
| Ozone | Ozone, the triatomic form of oxygen (O3), is a gaseous atmospheric constituent. In the troposphere, it is created by photochemical reactions involving gases resulting both from natural sources and from human activities (photochemical smog). In high concentrations, tropospheric ozone can be harmful to a wide range of living organisms. Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas. In the stratosphere, ozone is created by the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen (O2). Climate Change Denial |
| Ozone Layer | The layer of ozone that begins approximately 15 km above Earth and thins to an almost negligible amount at about 50 km, shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Climate Change Denial |
| P-hacking | P-hacking is the misuse of data analysis to falsely produce a statistically significant result (p < 0.05), creating false positives where no real effect exists. Public Trust |
| P-value | The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as those observed if the null hypothesis were true. It is not the probability that the hypothesis is true. Science General |
| Pandemic | A pandemic cuts across international boundaries, as opposed to regional epidemics. This wide geographical reach is what makes pandemics lead to large-scale social disruption, economic loss, and general hardship. Vaccines |
| Paper Mills | Paper mills are organized commercial enterprises that mass-produce fake academic manuscripts and sell authorship slots, driving industrial-scale scientific fraud. Public Trust |
| Paradigm | A paradigm is a standard framework, set of beliefs, or overarching model that guides how we understand, interpret, or approach the world. It establishes the fundamental assumptions and boundaries of how we think about a specific discipline or situation. Science General |
| Parameter | A factor we measure. A climate parameter can be the amount of rainfall, maximum or average temperature, length of drought periods, and so on. Science General |