Glossary
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Respiration | The process whereby living organisms convert organic matter to CO<sub>2</sub>, releasing energy and consuming O<sub>2</sub>. Climate Change |
| Responsible AI | Developing and using AI in ways that are ethical, transparent, fair, accountable, and safe. Artificial Intelligence |
| Retraction | The formal withdrawal of a published paper because of serious errors, fraud or misconduct. Retracted papers, such as Wakefield's 1998 MMR paper, can continue to circulate. Public Trust |
| Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) | A technique in which an AI system retrieves relevant documents from a database or the web and uses them to ground its answer, which can reduce errors and allow citations. Artificial Intelligence |
| Review Article | A scientific article that compiles past research on one topic to analyze trends and assess the current state of knowledge on that topic. Science General |
| Risk | The probability that harm will occur, often combined with how severe the harm would be. Science General |
| RNA | RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a chain of nucleotides that is made based on the DNA sequence. The structure of RNA is similar to the structure of DNA. RNA functions in many ways in cells, including playing the important role of carrying instructions from DNA during protein production. In certain viruses, RNA rather than DNA may carry the genetic information. Genetics |
| Robotics | The design and use of machines that sense and act in the physical world, increasingly combined with AI. Artificial Intelligence |
| Rock cycle | The continuous processes by which rocks are formed, broken down, and re-formed over geological time. Science General |
| Rotavirus vaccine | An oral vaccine that protects infants against rotavirus, once a leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in young children worldwide. Vaccines |